Basic Elements

App

There can be only one App element per Wasp project. It serves as a starting point and defines global properties of your app. Currently, it is very simple:

app todoApp {

title: "ToDo App"

}

app: identifier

Name of your app.

title: string

Title of your app. It will be displayed in the browser tab, next to the favicon.

Page

Page is the top-level layout abstraction. Your app can have multiple pages, and they are defined in Wasp as follows:

page Main {

component: import Main from "@ext/pages/Main",

authRequired: false // optional property

}

page: identifier

Name of the page.

component: js import statement

Import statement of the page React element. See importing external code for details.

Page also has to be associated with a Route, otherwise it won't be accessible in the app.

authRequired: bool

Optional property - can be specified only if auth is declared. If set to true, only authenticated users will be able to access this page. Unauthenticated users will be redirected to a route declared by onAuthFailedRedirectTo property within auth.

If authRequired is set to true, the React component of a page (specified by component property) will be provided user object as a prop.

Check out this section of our Todo app tutorial for an example of usage.

Route

Using Route element is a way to implement routing functionality in Wasp:

route "/about" -> page About

route: string

URL path of the route. Route string can be parametrised and follows the same conventions as React Router.

page: page identifier

Page identifier of the route's target. Referenced page must be defined somewhere in .wasp file.

Example - parametrised URL path

route "/task/:id" -> page Task

For details on URL path format check React Router documentation.

Accessing route parameters in a page component

Since Wasp under the hood generates code with React Router, the same rules apply when accessing URL params in your React components. Here is an example just to get you started:

todoApp.wasp

// ...

route "/task/:id" -> page Task

page Task {

component: import Task from "@ext/pages/Task"

}

pages/Task.js

import React from 'react'

const Task = (props) => {

return (

<div>

I am showing a task with id: {props.match.params.id}.

</div>

)

}

export default Task

Navigating between routes

Navigation can be performed from the React code via <Link/> component, also using the functionality of React Router:

todoApp.wasp

// ...

route "/home" -> page Home

page Home {

component: import Home from "@ext/pages/Home"

}

pages/OtherPage.js

import React from 'react'

import { Link } from "react-router-dom"

const OtherPage = (props) => {

return (

<Link to="/home">Go to homepage</Link>

)

}

Entity

Entity element represents a database model. Wasp uses Prisma to implement database functionality and currently provides only a thin layer above it.

Each Entity element corresponds 1-to-1 to Prisma data model and is defined in a following way:

entity Task {=psl

id Int @id @default(autoincrement())

description String

isDone Boolean @default(false)

psl=}

entity: identifier

Name of the entity.

{=psl ... psl=}: PSL

Definition of entity fields in Prisma Schema Language (PSL). See here for intro and examples and here for a more exhaustive language specification.

Using entities

Entity-system in Wasp is based on Prisma, and currently Wasp provides only a thin layer on top of it. The workflow is as follows:

1. Wasp developer creates/updates some of the entities in .wasp file.
2. Wasp developer runs wasp db migrate-dev.
3. Migration data is generated in migrations/ folder (and should be commited).
4. Wasp developer uses Prisma JS API to work with the database when in Operations.

Currently entities can be accessed only in Operations (Queries & Actions), so check their part of docs for more info on how to use entities in their context.

Queries and Actions (aka Operations)

In Wasp, main interaction between client and server happens via Operations, of which two types exist: Queries and Actions.

Query

Queries are NodeJS functions that don't modify any state. Normally they fetch certain resources, process them and return result. They are executed on server.

To create a Wasp Query, we need two things: declaration in Wasp and implementation in NodeJS:

main.wasp

// ...

query getTasks {

fn: import { getAllTasks } from "@ext/foo.js"

}

ext/foo.js

// ...

export getAllTasks = async (args, context) => {

return [

{ description: "Buy some eggs", isDone: true },

{ description: "Make an omelette", isDone: false }

]

}

NodeJS function above has to be async and will be passed query arguments as first argument and additional context as second argument.

By declaring a NodeJS function as a Wasp query, following happens:

• Wasp generates HTTP API route on the NodeJS server that calls the NodeJS query function.
• Wasp generates JS function on the client that has the name under which query was declared and takes same arguments as the NodeJS query function. Internally it uses above mentioned HTTP API route to call the NodeJS query function.

On client, you can import generated query JS function as import getTasks from '@wasp/queries/getTasks.js'. Then, you can either use it directly, or you can use it via special useQuery React hook (provided by Wasp**) to make it reactive.

On server, you can import it the same way as on client, and then you can call it directly.

NOTE: Wasp will not stop you from importing NodeJS function directly on server, e.g. import { getAllTasks } from "./foo.js", but you shouldn't do it, because it will import pure NodeJS function and not a query recognized by Wasp, so it will not get all the features of a Wasp query.

useQuery

useQuery hook provided by Wasp is actually just a thin wrapper for useQuery hook from react-query.

You can import it as import { useQuery } from '@wasp/queries'.

Wasp useQuery takes three args:

• queryFn: client query function generated by Wasp based on query declaration, e.g. one you get by importing in JS like this: import getTasks from '@wasp/queries/getTasks.js'.
• queryFnArgs
• config: react-query config.

It behaves exactly the same as useQuery from react-query, only it doesn't take the key, that is handled automatically instead.

Example of usage:

import React from 'react'

import { useQuery } from '@wasp/queries'

import getTasks from '@wasp/queries/getTasks'

const MyComponent = (props) => {

const { data: tasks, error } = useQuery(getTasks)

return <div> { JSON.stringify(tasks || error) } </div>

}

Error handling

For security reasons, all errors thrown in the query NodeJS function are sent to the client via HTTP API as 500 errors, with any further details removed, so that any unpredicted errors don't make it out with possibly sensitive data.

If you do want to throw an error that will pass some information to the client, you can use HttpError in your NodeJS query function:

import HttpError from '@wasp/core/HttpError.js'

export getTasks = async (args, context) => {

const statusCode = 403

const message = 'You can\'t do this!'.

const data = { foo: 'bar' }

throw new HttpError(statusCode, message, data)

}

and then in client it will be thrown as an Error with corresponding .message and .data fields (if status code is 4xx - otherwise message and data will not be forwarded to the client, for security reasons).

This ensures that no error will accidentally leak out from the server, potentionally exposing sensitive data or implementation details.

Using entities

Most often, resources used by Operations will be Entities.

To use an Entity in your Operation, declare in Wasp that Operation uses it:

todoApp.wasp

// ...

query getTasks {

fn: import { getAllTasks } from "@ext/foo.js",

entities: [Task]

}

This will inject specified entity into the context of your Operation. Now, you can access Prisma API for that entity like this:

ext/foo.js

// ...

export getAllTasks = async (args, context) => {

return context.entities.Task.findMany({})

}

where context.entities.Task actually exposes prisma.task from Prisma API.

Cache invalidation

One of the trickiest part of managing web app state is making sure that data which queries are showing is up to date.

Since Wasp is using react-query for managing queries, that means we want to make sure that parts of react-query cache are invalidated when we know they are not up to date any more.

This can be done manually, by using mechanisms provided by react-query (refetch, direct invalidation). However, that can often be tricky and error-prone, so Wasp offers quick and effective solution to get you started: automatic invalidation of query cache based on entities that queries / actions are using.

Specifically, if Action A1 uses Entity E1 and Query Q1 also uses Entity E1 and Action A1 is executed, Wasp will recognize that Q1 might not be up-to-date any more and will therefore invalidate its cache, making sure it gets updated.

In practice, this means that without really even thinking about it, Wasp will make sure to keep the queries up to date for you in regard with the changes done by actions.

On the other hand, this kind of automatic invalidation of cache can be wasteful (updating when not needed) and will not work if other resources than entities are used. In that case, make sure to use mechanisms provided by react-query for now, and expect more direct support in Wasp for handling those use cases in a nice, elegant way.

Action

Actions are very similar to Queries, so similar that we will only list the differences:

1. They can modify state (queries can't).
2. There is no special React hook for them (like useQuery for Queries), you just call them directly.
3. They are declared in Wasp in same way as Queries, but keyword is action, not query.

More differences and action/query specific features will come in the future versions of Wasp.

Dependencies

You can specify additional npm dependencies in following way, in your *.wasp file:

dependencies {=json

"redux": "^4.0.5",

"react-redux": "^7.1.3"

json=}

You will need to re-run wasp start after adding a dependency for Wasp to pick it up.

NOTE: In current implementation of Wasp, if Wasp is already internally using certain npm dependency with certain version specified, you are not allowed to define that same npm dependency yourself while specifying different version. If you do that, you will get an error message telling you which exact version you have to use for that dependency. This means Wasp dictates exact versions of certain packages, so for example you can't choose version of React you want to use. In the future, we will add support for picking any version you like, but we have not implemented that yet. Check issue #59 to check out the progress or contribute.

Authentication & Authorization

Wasp provides authentication and authorization support out-of-the-box. Enabling it for your app is optional and can be done by adding auth element to your .wasp file:

auth {

userEntity: User,

methods: [ EmailAndPassword ],

onAuthFailedRedirectTo: "/someRoute"

}

userEntity: entity Entity which represents the user (sometimes also referred to as Principal).

methods: [AuthMethod] List of authentication methods that Wasp app supports. Currently supported methods are:

• EmailAndPassword: Provides support for authentication with email address and a password.

onAuthFailedRedirectTo: String Name of the route where an unauthenticated user will be redirected to if they try to access a private page (which is declared by setting authRequired: true for a specific page). Check out this section of our Todo app tutorial to see an example of usage.

Email and Password

EmailAndPassword authentication method makes it possible to signup/login into the app by using email address and a password. This method requires that userEntity specified in auth element contains email: string and password: string fields.

High-level API

The quickest way to get started is by using the following API generated by Wasp:

• Signup and Login forms at @wasp/auth/forms/Signup and @wasp/auth/forms/Login routes
• logout function
• useAuth() React hook

Check our Todo app tutorial to see how it works. See below for detailed specification of each of these methods.

Lower-level API

If you require more control in your authentication flow, you can achieve that in the following ways:

• If you don't want to use already generated Signup and Login forms and want to create your own, you can use signup and login function by invoking them from the client.
• If you want to execute custom code on the server during sign up, create your own sign up action which invokes Prisma client as context.entities.[USER_ENTITY].create() function, along with your custom code.

The code of your custom sign-up action would look like this (your user entity being User in this instance):

export const signUp = async (args, context) => {

// Your custom code before sign-up.

// ...

const newUser = context.entities.User.create({

data: { email: 'some@email.com', password: 'this will be hashed!' }

})

// Your custom code after sign-up.

// ...

return newUser

}

info

You don't need to worry about hashing the password yourself! Even when you are using Prisma's client directly and calling create() with a plain-text password, Wasp put middleware in place that takes care of hashing it before storing it to the database.

Specification

login()

An action for logging in the user.

login(email, password)

email: string

Email of the user logging in.

password: string

Password of the user logging in.

import statement:

import login from '@wasp/auth/login.js'

Login is a regular action and can be used directly from the frontend.

signup()

An action for signing in in the user.

signup(userFields)

userFields: object

Fields of user entity which was declared in auth.

import statement:

import signup from '@wasp/auth/signup.js'

Signup is a regular action and can be used directly from the frontend.

logout()

An action for logging out the user.

logout()

import statement:

import logout from '@wasp/auth/logout.js'

Example of usage:

import logout from '@wasp/auth/logout.js'

const SignOut = () => {

return (

<button onClick={logout}>Logout</button>

)

}

Reset password

Coming soon.

Updating user's password

If you need to update user's password, you can do it safely via Prisma client, e.g. within an action:

export const updatePassword = async (args, context) => {

return context.entities.User.update({

where: { id: args.userId },

data: {

password: 'New pwd which will be hashed automatically!'

}

})

}

You don't need to worry about hashing the password yourself - if you have an auth declaration in your .wasp file, Wasp already set a middleware on Prisma that makes sure whenever password is created or updated on the user entity, it is also hashed before it is stored to the database.

Accessing currently logged in user

When authentication is enabled in a Wasp app, we need a way to tell whether a user is logged in and access its data. With that, we can further implement access control and decide which content is private and which public.

On client

On client, Wasp provides useAuth React hook to be used within the functional components. useAuth is actually a thin wrapper over Wasp's useQuery hook and returns data in the exactly same format.

useAuth()

import statement:

import useAuth from '@wasp/auth/useAuth.js'

Example of usage:

ext/MainPage.js

import React from 'react'

import { Link } from 'react-router-dom'

import useAuth from '@wasp/auth/useAuth.js'

import logout from '@wasp/auth/logout.js'

import Todo from '../Todo.js'

import '../Main.css'

const Main = () => {

const { data: user } = useAuth()

if (!user) {

return (

<span>

Please <Link to='/login'>login</Link> or <Link to='/signup'>sign up</Link>.

</span>

)

} else {

return (

<>

<button onClick={logout}>Logout</button>

<Todo />

< />

)

}

}

export default Main

On server

When authentication is enabled, all the operations (actions and queries) will have user object present in the context argument. context.user will contain all the fields from the user entity except for the password.

Example of usage:

ext/actions.js

import HttpError from '@wasp/core/HttpError.js'

export const createTask = async (task, context) => {

if (!context.user) {

throw new HttpError(403)

}

const Task = context.entities.Task

return Task.create({

data: {

description: task.description,

user: {

connect: { id: context.user.id }

}

}

})

}

In order to implement access control, each operation is responsible for checking context.user and acting accordingly - e.g. if context.user is undefined and the operation is private then user should be denied access to it.

.env

Your project will likely be using environment variables for configuration, typically to define connection to the database, API keys for external services and similar.

When in production, you will typically define environment variables through mechanisms provided by your hosting provider.

However, when in development, you might also need to supply certain environment variables, and to avoid doing it "manually", Wasp supports .env (dotenv) file where you can define environment variables that will be used during development (they will not be used during production).

.env file has to be defined in the root of your Wasp project.

.env file should not be commited to the version control - we already ignore it by default in the .gitignore file we generate when you create a new Wasp project via wasp new cli command.

Variables are defined in .env in the form of NAME=VALUE, for example:

DATABASE_URL=postgresql://localhost:5432

MY_VAR=somevalue

Any env vars defined in the .env will be forwarded to the server-side of your Wasp project and therefore accessible in your nodejs code via process.env, for example:

console.log(process.env.DATABASE_URL)

Database

You can specify database to be used by Wasp via db element (there can be only one such element per Wasp project):

db {

system: PostgreSQL

}

If you don't have db block, default database is used (which is SQLite).

If you create or modify db declaration, run wasp db migrate-dev to apply the changes.

system: identifier

Database system that Wasp will use. It can be either PostgreSQL or SQLite.

SQLite

Default database is SQLite, since it is great for getting started with a new project (needs no configuring), but it can be used only in development - once you want to deploy Wasp to production you will need to switch to PostgreSQL and stick with it. Check below for more details on how to migrate from SQLite to PostgreSQL.

PostgreSQL

When using PostgreSQL (db { system: PostgreSQL }), you will need to spin up a postgres database on your own so it runs during development (when running wasp start or doing wasp db ... commands) and provide Wasp with DATABASE_URL environment variable that Wasp will use to connect to it.

One of the easiest ways to do this is by spinning up postgres docker container when you need it with the shell command

docker run \

--rm \

--publish 5432:5432 \

-v postgresql-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data \

--env POSTGRES_PASSWORD=devpass \

postgres

and adding the line

DATABASE_URL=postgresql://postgres:devpass@localhost:5432/postgres

to the .env file in the root directory of your Wasp project.

Migrating from SQLite to PostgreSQL

To run Wasp app in production, you will need to switch from SQLite to PostgreSQL.

1. Set db.system to PostgreSQL and set DATABASE_URL env var accordingly (as described above).
2. Delete old migrations, since they are SQLite migrations and can't be used with PostgreSQL: rm -r migrations/.
3. Run wasp db migrate-dev to apply new changes and create new, initial migration. You will need to have your postgres database running while doing this (check above for easy way to get it running).